Half collared tree sparrow , Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil

The half collared tree sparrow (Arremon semitorquatus) is a species of bird in the family Passerellidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil. Only recently treated as a separate species from the widespread Pectoral Sparrow (Arremon taciturnus), the Half-collared (or Semi-collared) Sparrow is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, between Espírito Santo and northern Rio Grande do Sul. It occurs in the undergrowth of humid forest and woodland, in both the lowlands and more montane regions, and is easily overlooked, in part through its undoubted scarcity, but also due to its relatively secretive habits and quiet vocalizations. Compared to the Pectoral Sparrow, with which there is only marginal overlap, the present species is easily distinguished, given good views, by its lemon-yellow lower mandible, ‘interrupted’ breast band, and reduced yellow on the wing-bend. However, there seem to be no differences in behavior between the two species.
The half collared tree sparrow natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and heavily degraded former forest. It is Forages on ground, often by scratching in leaf litter. Tends to be found singly, sometimes in pairs or family groups. It is not globally threatened and is concerned least concern by IUCN and is uncommon to locally fairly common. Has small but sufficiently extensive range. Apparently, no imminent threats to this species’ habitat.